Topic 3: Personal and social consequences of migration
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The European Agenda for the Integration of Third-Country Nationals (European Commission, 2011) highlights the most pressing challenges regarding migrant integration in the EU. In particular:
- Gaps in the educational achievement;
- Low employment levels of migrants, especially for migrant women;
- ‘Brain waste’ and high levels of ’over-qualification’;
- High risks of the social exclusion and poverty.
The existing evidence (e.g. OECD/European Union, 2015) underlines that third-country nationals continue to face high barriers in the education system than native-born. In another perspective, low levels of education not only cause refugees’ social exclusion and poverty, but they also create significant potential costs for Member State economies.
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Migrants can face many challenges, both while arriving at the receiving country and on arrival, including:
- The difficulties occurred during the journey (it may be dangerous, expensive, long lasting, long transit period, including crossing other countries and not the destination country directly)
- Hard living conditions may be faced
- Limited job opportunities and restricted access to labor market,
- Difficulties in adjusting to unknown bureaucracy procedures,
- Dealing with discrimination and social exclusion
- Language and cultural barriers
- Psychosocial aspects resulted from this change and experience
